Causes and effects of earthquakes pdf

Learn more about the causes and effects of earthquakes in this article. Oct 16, 2019 what are the aftereffects of an earthquake. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements. The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. Causes, effects and geographical distribution of earthquakes. As a result the population has been generally complacent about the risk of earthquakes. Earthquakes gandhinagar institute of technology presented by.

Do you know what is an earthquake, how it is caused, how it is measured and what are the effects of an earthquake. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the 2001 kunlun earthquake has been attributed to the effects of the sonic boom developed in such earthquakes. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking that we feel in california there are two plates the pacific plate and the. Protection, definition, causes, effects, precaution physics. What is an earthquake and what causes them to happen. When earthquakes occur on solid sedimentary rocks, it often soften the effects but when they happen on less compacted rock, damages to buildings is likely which also includes falling power lines and infrastructure destruction. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive mothernature disasters in the world. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. The largest fault surfaces on earth are formed due to boundaries between moving plates. An earthquake is an announced or sudden tremor of the earth due to movements within the earths crust or volcanic eruptions. Quaking and subsequent shaking of earth with varied causes.

The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. An earthquake cause several impacts on the natural. Earthquakes are among the most common, the most destructive, and the most terrifying of natural disasters. Most earthquakes occur along zones where the earths crust is undergoing. On the basis of such disturbances produced in the solid body of the earth, many causes have been assigned for causing earthquakes, minor as well as major. Earthquake effects we all know that the effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. One popular theory was that earthquakes were caused by air rushing out of caverns deep in the earths interior. There are other, secondary effects that are caused by earthquakes, most often a result of strong shaking.

The environmental effects of it are that including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, tsunamis, soil liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides and. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust. As a result the population has been generally complacent about the risk of. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into. The results are known as subduction zones, and the worlds largest earthquakes occur in these regions. Earthquakes occur when the ground is subjected to so much force that it fractures or breaks. When the tectonic plates slide over one another, there is a cause of orogeny which results in earthquakes and volcanoes. These disturbances cause vibrations which spread in all the directions. Some of the earthquakes are artificial, while others are natural.

A line connecting all points on the surface of the earth where the intensity of shaking produced by earthquake waves is the same. Earthquakes are caused by disturbances in the interior of the earth and other causes. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. First we need some basic information about earthquakes and their effects on the built environment.

Causes, consequences, prediction, and response boris w. Losses associated with secondary effects in earthquakes. The earthquake caused by the excessive pressure of the gas in the earths crust, sudden changes in the motion of magma, any opening or occurrence of space between the rocks, etc. The energy released from earthquakes fracture the surface of the earth. The present generation of people in bangladesh hasnt witnessed any major earthquake. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. You will also understand the theory of elastic rebound, and how.

The sudden shaking or rolling of the earths surface is called an earthquake. These quakes that occur on less compacted rock may also cause fires and deaths and injuries. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as slow earthquakes. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the.

Majority of the earthquakes originate along the edges of the plates and occur in some regions more frequently than others. Liquefaction is when sediment grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its solidity. Rupture causes problems for humans by, well, rupturing things. Now lets take a look at an earthquakes effects on the natural and built environments. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities 7 the causes and types of earthquakes most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the earths tectonic plates. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into earth, the temperature rises by about 30deg.

Earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements these forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are form. All key factors and illustrations surrounding the causes, effects, and solution will be explained in detail to provide a complete understanding of how earthquakes are formed. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of. Cbse class 9 elements of business syllabus 20202021 pdf. In this video lesson you will learn what causes earthquakes and where they occur. The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides. It is estimated that possibly as many as a million temblors of varying degrees of intensity occur every year. Although the causes of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common. Those who did look for natural causes often reached conclusions that seem fanciful today. Levin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss ocean in 1012 hours and bring down a wall of water 10 m high with a velocity of more than 70 km h1 upon a calm ocean beach. Causes of earthquakes article about causes of earthquakes. The great majority of them pass virtually unnoticed except by seismologists.

D chandrasekharam department of earth sciences head, centre of studies in resources engineering indian institute of technology bombay such news items raises several questions like what are earthquakes. Defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural phenomenon like rain. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. Scientists can explain how most earthquakes are caused using simplified theories of the earths structure. Unit 4 earthquake effects introduction in the last unit, we looked at the causes and characteristics of earthquakes. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of earthquakes, people around the world created. Most tectonic activity, including earthquakes, occurs where these plates meet. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes sudden shaking of the earth surface. Earthquake causes damage to the building, bridges, dams. Causes, effects and types of landslides earth eclipse.

But it is undoubtedly true that all the earthquakes are caused due to the disequilibrium in the earths crust. Definition, causes, measures and other details with diagram. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are formed and how they occur over the period of time. Therefore, earthquakes are most frequent along the edges of the tectonic plates where one plate is moving relative to the adjoining plate. Causes and effects of earthquakes free download as powerpoint presentation. The list of some of the main effects caused by earthquakes are given below. An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. Knowing more about the effects of earthquakes helps us understand the mitigation steps that must be taken to protect a. Many of them occur as a result of reactivation of ancient faults, although the causes of some intraplate earthquakes are not well understood. Earths crust is made of several tectonic plates, which slowly move around earths surface. An earthquake is shaking or trembling of the earths surface, caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement sudden release of energy in the earths crust shallowfocus earthquakes or upper mantle some shallowfocus and all intermediate and deepfocus earthquakes.

Forecasting earthquakes are a bit difficult but warning systems have been developed. This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the earth. Earthquakes are caused by sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust. Earthquakes are the result of slowmoving processes that operate within earth. A simple example common in many earthquakes are landslides. What is earthquake, its causes, effects, measurement. Earthquakes induced by human activity have been documented at many locations in the united states and in many other countries around the world. These plates are constantly moving because of convectional currents in the mantle asthenosphere. The rippling effect is what causes the rapid and violent vibration of the earth surface earthquake, shaking and tearing everything on it including the earth surface itself, structures, and houses. Causes and effects of earthquakes engineering essay. Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional or tensional stresses built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the earths surface see lithosphere lithosphere, brittle uppermost shell of the earth, broken into a number of tectonic plates. Read book pdf the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered. Earthquakes cause landslides, damming of rivers, depressions which form lakes. Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3.

Aug, 2019 what are earthquakes, and what causes them. Bangladesh is surrounded by a number of tectonic blocks which have produced earthquakes in recent times. Mar 24, 2020 earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks. Earthquake in many cases, can cause great loss of life. The shaking causes regions of the rock and soil to slide downhill. Unit 3 earthquake causes and characteristics introduction in the last unit, we explored the historical importance and intent of executive order 12699. Earthquakes can be induced by a wide range of causes including impoundment of reservoirs, surface and underground mining, withdrawal of fluids and gas from the subsurface, and injection of fluids into. Strong ground motion during an earthquake can cause watersaturated, unconsolidated soil to act more like a dense fluid than. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. Let us see what earthquake is, its causes and effects, how earthquake is measured and also types of earthquakes. The nature and cause of earthquakes kitp online talks. Several buildings collapsed, schools, hospitals, whole city destroyed due to it. Jun 10, 2012 effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon.

These forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are formed. The shaking tends to occur along zones of weakness in underground rock formations. By william to read the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities ga record. The main cause is that when tectonic plates, one rides over the other, causing orogeny collide mountain building, earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes are of two forms volcanotectonic earthquakes and longperiod volcanic earthquake. The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes earthquake shaking and. Schaefer and friedemann wenzel geophysical institute, center for disaster management and risk reduction technology, karlsruhe institute of technology, karlsruhe, germany the number of earthquakes with high damage and high losses has been limited to around 100 events since 1900. Effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. Examine, with examples the main causes and effects of earthquakes hasnt been asked yet the earths crust is broken into slabs, they are called plates. Actually earthquakes occur daily around the world according to one estimate, about 8000 occur every year, but most of them are too mild to be noticeable.

The occurrence of three earthquakes in the western hemisphere within the space of nine months in 19061907, all of which were attended with disastrous effects upon human life and property, attracted as never before the attention of the world, and particularly. In later sections of this course, we will take a closer look at evaluating a communitys safety. While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, humaninduced changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge. Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes, particularly in unconsolidated ground. The most widely felt earthquakes in the recorded history of north america were a series that occurred in 18111812 near new madrid. Causes and effects of earthquakes earthquakes seismology. Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks.