Causes and effects of earthquakes pdf

The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements these forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are form. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes. Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes, particularly in unconsolidated ground. Earthquakes are one of the most destructive mothernature disasters in the world. An earthquake cause several impacts on the natural. While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, humaninduced changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge. Causes, consequences, prediction, and response boris w. Volcanic earthquakes are of two forms volcanotectonic earthquakes and longperiod volcanic earthquake. Rupture causes problems for humans by, well, rupturing things. Descriptions as old as recorded history show the significant effects they have had on peoples lives. Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3. These disturbances cause vibrations which spread in all the directions. The present generation of people in bangladesh hasnt witnessed any major earthquake.

Earthquakes can be induced by a wide range of causes including impoundment of reservoirs, surface and underground mining, withdrawal of fluids and gas from the subsurface, and injection of fluids into. By william to read the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered. In later sections of this course, we will take a closer look at evaluating a communitys safety. One popular theory was that earthquakes were caused by air rushing out of caverns deep in the earths interior. An earthquake is an announced or sudden tremor of the earth due to movements within the earths crust or volcanic eruptions.

Although the causes of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common. Effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. Earthquakes are caused by sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust. Earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Majority of the earthquakes originate along the edges of the plates and occur in some regions more frequently than others. What is earthquake, its causes, effects, measurement. The earthquake caused by the excessive pressure of the gas in the earths crust, sudden changes in the motion of magma, any opening or occurrence of space between the rocks, etc. Unit 3 earthquake causes and characteristics introduction in the last unit, we explored the historical importance and intent of executive order 12699. The list of some of the main effects caused by earthquakes are given below.

These forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are formed. Mar 24, 2020 earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes sudden shaking of the earth surface. Earthquakes gandhinagar institute of technology presented by. Aug, 2019 what are earthquakes, and what causes them.

Defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural phenomenon like rain. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. Schaefer and friedemann wenzel geophysical institute, center for disaster management and risk reduction technology, karlsruhe institute of technology, karlsruhe, germany the number of earthquakes with high damage and high losses has been limited to around 100 events since 1900. The sudden shaking or rolling of the earths surface is called an earthquake. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. The results are known as subduction zones, and the worlds largest earthquakes occur in these regions. But it is undoubtedly true that all the earthquakes are caused due to the disequilibrium in the earths crust. Intraplate earthquakes these are earthquakes that occur in the stable portions of continents that are not near plate boundaries. Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic movements in the earths crust.

The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Earthquakes cause landslides, damming of rivers, depressions which form lakes. It is estimated that possibly as many as a million temblors of varying degrees of intensity occur every year. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities 7 the causes and types of earthquakes most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the earths tectonic plates. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the 2001 kunlun earthquake has been attributed to the effects of the sonic boom developed in such earthquakes. When earthquakes occur on solid sedimentary rocks, it often soften the effects but when they happen on less compacted rock, damages to buildings is likely which also includes falling power lines and infrastructure destruction. Forecasting earthquakes are a bit difficult but warning systems have been developed. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are. Earthquakes are among the most common, the most destructive, and the most terrifying of natural disasters.

Definition, causes, measures and other details with diagram. The nature and cause of earthquakes kitp online talks. Causes of earthquakes article about causes of earthquakes. Earthquakes occur when the ground is subjected to so much force that it fractures or breaks. The shaking causes regions of the rock and soil to slide downhill. As a result the population has been generally complacent about the risk of earthquakes. The environmental effects of it are that including surface faulting, tectonic uplift and subsidence, tsunamis, soil liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides and. Cbse class 9 elements of business syllabus 20202021 pdf. Earthquakes are the result of slowmoving processes that operate within earth. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into earth, the temperature rises by about 30deg. The great majority of them pass virtually unnoticed except by seismologists. These plates are constantly moving because of convectional currents in the mantle asthenosphere. On the basis of such disturbances produced in the solid body of the earth, many causes have been assigned for causing earthquakes, minor as well as major. Therefore, earthquakes are most frequent along the edges of the tectonic plates where one plate is moving relative to the adjoining plate.

Liquefaction is when sediment grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its solidity. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. Strong ground motion during an earthquake can cause watersaturated, unconsolidated soil to act more like a dense fluid than. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of earthquakes, people around the world created. The rippling effect is what causes the rapid and violent vibration of the earth surface earthquake, shaking and tearing everything on it including the earth surface itself, structures, and houses. Levin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss ocean in 1012 hours and bring down a wall of water 10 m high with a velocity of more than 70 km h1 upon a calm ocean beach. Earthquake effects we all know that the effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements. Causes and effects of earthquakes earthquakes seismology.

Earthquake causes damage to the building, bridges, dams. Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks. Earthquake in many cases, can cause great loss of life. D chandrasekharam department of earth sciences head, centre of studies in resources engineering indian institute of technology bombay such news items raises several questions like what are earthquakes. Some of the earthquakes are artificial, while others are natural. Earthquakes teacher notes and student activities ga record. The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. Jun 10, 2012 effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. Scientists can explain how most earthquakes are caused using simplified theories of the earths structure. Actually earthquakes occur daily around the world according to one estimate, about 8000 occur every year, but most of them are too mild to be noticeable.

These quakes that occur on less compacted rock may also cause fires and deaths and injuries. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking that we feel in california there are two plates the pacific plate and the. What is an earthquake and what causes them to happen. Oct 16, 2019 what are the aftereffects of an earthquake. All key factors and illustrations surrounding the causes, effects, and solution will be explained in detail to provide a complete understanding of how earthquakes are formed.

The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. Causes, effects and types of landslides earth eclipse. The shaking tends to occur along zones of weakness in underground rock formations. Causes, effects and geographical distribution of earthquakes. A simple example common in many earthquakes are landslides. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as slow earthquakes. Several buildings collapsed, schools, hospitals, whole city destroyed due to it. Many of them occur as a result of reactivation of ancient faults, although the causes of some intraplate earthquakes are not well understood. Now lets take a look at an earthquakes effects on the natural and built environments. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are formed and how they occur over the period of time. Most earthquakes are causally related to compressional or tensional stresses built up at the margins of the huge moving lithospheric plates that make up the earths surface see lithosphere lithosphere, brittle uppermost shell of the earth, broken into a number of tectonic plates. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. You will also understand the theory of elastic rebound, and how.

There are other, secondary effects that are caused by earthquakes, most often a result of strong shaking. Knowing more about the effects of earthquakes helps us understand the mitigation steps that must be taken to protect a. Most tectonic activity, including earthquakes, occurs where these plates meet. A line connecting all points on the surface of the earth where the intensity of shaking produced by earthquake waves is the same. Earthquakes are caused by disturbances in the interior of the earth and other causes. Examine, with examples the main causes and effects of earthquakes hasnt been asked yet the earths crust is broken into slabs, they are called plates. Read book pdf the causes and effects, the designs and emprovement, of earthquakes considered. An earthquake is shaking or trembling of the earths surface, caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement sudden release of energy in the earths crust shallowfocus earthquakes or upper mantle some shallowfocus and all intermediate and deepfocus earthquakes. Bangladesh is surrounded by a number of tectonic blocks which have produced earthquakes in recent times. The largest fault surfaces on earth are formed due to boundaries between moving plates. Those who did look for natural causes often reached conclusions that seem fanciful today. Causes and effects of earthquakes engineering essay. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of.

Earthquakes induced by human activity have been documented at many locations in the united states and in many other countries around the world. Let us see what earthquake is, its causes and effects, how earthquake is measured and also types of earthquakes. Quaking and subsequent shaking of earth with varied causes. Unit 4 earthquake effects introduction in the last unit, we looked at the causes and characteristics of earthquakes.

Protection, definition, causes, effects, precaution physics. The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides. The energy released from earthquakes fracture the surface of the earth. Do you know what is an earthquake, how it is caused, how it is measured and what are the effects of an earthquake. In this video lesson you will learn what causes earthquakes and where they occur. The most widely felt earthquakes in the recorded history of north america were a series that occurred in 18111812 near new madrid. The occurrence of three earthquakes in the western hemisphere within the space of nine months in 19061907, all of which were attended with disastrous effects upon human life and property, attracted as never before the attention of the world, and particularly. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the earth. First we need some basic information about earthquakes and their effects on the built environment. The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes earthquake shaking and. Most earthquakes occur along zones where the earths crust is undergoing. Learn more about the causes and effects of earthquakes in this article. Earths crust is made of several tectonic plates, which slowly move around earths surface.